TAGORE B.Ed 2017_2019 students portpolios

Subject Centered Curriculum Subject centered curriculum is the oldest and the most widely accepted form of curriculum organization. The earliest example of this sort of organization is the seven liberal arts in the schools of ancient Greece and Rome and in the monastery and Cathedrals of the middle ages in the Medieval Era. The seven liberal arts consisted of two divisions: Trivium: Its lower division consisting of: i. Grammar ii. Rhetoric iii. Dialectic (logic) Quadrivium consists of Arithmetic, Geometry, Astronomy and Music. These subjects were broad. The seven liberal arts do not conform precisely to modern subjects having the same titles: In the modern period the Trivium was further divided to include literature and history and the quadrivium to include algebra, trigonometry, geography, botany, zoology, physics and chemistry. In this manner subjects went on being added one after the other so much so that in 1930 there were over 300 distinct subjects of instruction. Despite...

Learner Centered curriculum the center of interest is the learner. The students are given more importance in this type of curriculum design. Most of the education experts and educational psychologists are in favor of this learner centered curriculum. First of all Rousseau emphasized that education should be according to the interests of the child. He should be provided a free and democratic environment. The interest of the child should be a base for the curriculum design. Learner centered design emphasizes individual development and their approach to organizing the curriculum merges from the needs, interests and purposes of students. Dewey's contribution in this respect is an important one. He organized so many child centered activity programmes. These programmes were based on the scientific study of child's mental, physical, social and spiritual characteristics and needs. Principles of Students Centered Curriculum The following are the principles of learner centered curriculu...

Inclusive education means that all students attend and are welcomed by their neighbourhood schools in age-appropriate, regular classes and are supported to learn, contribute and participate in all aspects of the life of the school. Inclusive education is about how we develop and design our schools, classrooms, programs and activities so that all students learn and participate together. Inclusive education is about ensuring access to quality education for all students by effectively meeting their diverse needs in a way that is responsive, accepting, respectful and supportive. Students participate in the education program in a common learning environment with support to diminish and remove barriers and obstacles that may lead to exclusion. Inclusive education is carried out in a common learning environment; that is, an educational setting where students from different backgrounds and with different abilities learn together in an inclusive environment. Common learning environments are ...

Different accounts of disability, each of which gives rise to different approaches to accessibility: Individualistic Individualistic models of disability are built on the assumption that the problems and difficulties that disabled people experience are a direct result of their individual physical, sensory or intellectual impairments. One key example of this kind of model is the medical model, which views disability in terms of disease processes, abnormality and personal tragedy. With the medical model, disability need arises directly from impairment and the major task of the professional is to adjust the individual to the particular disabling condition. 'Charity' Ten to 15 years ago, this model was accused of portraying disabled people as helpless, sad and in need of care and protection. Such portrayals were argued to be perpetuating damaging stereotypes and misconceptions. More recently, charities have been using more positive images to portray (and thus define) disabil...

Parts of Speech English Grammar The parts of speech explain how a word is used in a sentence. There are eight main parts of speech (also known as word classes): nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections. Most parts of speech can be divided into sub-classes. Prepositions can be divided into prepositions of time, prepositions of place etc. Nouns can be divided into proper nouns, common nouns, concrete nouns etc. It is important to know that a word can sometimes be in more than one part of speech. For example with the word increase. Increase can be a verb e.g. Prices increased and increase can also be a noun e.g. There was an increase in the number of followers.  The eight main parts of speech in English are: NOUN - (Naming word) A noun is the name of a person, place, thing or idea. Examples of nouns: Daniel, London, table, dog, teacher, pen, city, happiness, hope Example sentences: Steve lives in Sydney. Mary uses pen and paper to w...

Freedom for All What comes to mind when you think of democracy? For many people, the word democracy elicits thoughts of freedom and autonomy from government or at least full choice in governmental decisions. The concepts of choice and control are at the heart of democratic education. Choice, the ability to have autonomy in the direction of one's own educational path, and control, the ability to decide how to approach major educational needs, are the two main principles of democratic education. Students are given choice and control over their own educational careers. Logistics of Democratic Education It is easy to say that students should have choice in their educational paths and control over their own educational goals, but what does that mean in the actual classroom? In the most democratic classrooms, teachers should creatively engage students in activities that are of the students' choosing. For some students, this may mean quiet worksheets, but for many, this is most lik...

Degrees of Comparison Degrees of Comparison are used when we compare one person or one thing with another. There are three Degrees of Comparison in English. They are: 1. Positive degree. 2. Comparative degree. 3. Superlative degree. Let us see all of them one by one. 1.Positive degree. When we speak about only one person or thing, We use the Positive degree. Examples: • This house is big. In this sentence only one noun “The house" is talked about. • He is a tall student. • This flower is beautiful. • He is an intelligent boy. Each sentence mentioned above talks about only one noun. The second one in the Degrees of Comparison is... 2.Comparative degree. When we compare two persons or two things with each other, We use both the Positive degree and Comparative degree. Examples: a. This house is bigger than that one. (Comparative degree) This house is not as big as that one. (Positive degree) The term “bigger" is comparative version o...

Conditional Sentences—Rules You Need to Know Grammarly · Grammar There are four types of conditional sentences. It’s important to use the correct structure for each of these different conditional sentences because they express varying meanings. Pay attention to verb tense when using different conditional modes. Use a comma after the if-clause when the if-clause precedes the main clause. Conditional sentences are statements discussing known factors or hypothetical situations and their consequences. Complete conditional sentences contain a conditional clause (often referred to as the if-clause) and the consequence. Consider the following sentences: If a certain condition is true, then a particular result happens. I would travel around the world if I won the lottery. When water reaches 100 degrees, it boils. What Are the Different Types of Conditional Sentences? There are four different types of conditional sentences in English. Each expresses a different degree of probability that...

Question tags Question tags are the short questions that we put on the end of sentences – particularly in spoken English. There are lots of different question tags but the rules are not difficult to learn. Positive/negative If the main part of the sentence is positive, the question tag is negative …. He’s a doctor, isn’t he? You work in a bank, don’t you? ... and if the main part of the sentence is negative, the question tag is positive. You haven’t met him, have you? She isn’t coming, is she? With auxiliary verbs The question tag uses the same verb as the main part of the sentence. If this is an auxiliary verb (‘have’, ‘be’) then the question tag is made with the auxiliary verb. They’ve gone away for a few days, haven’t they? They weren’t here, were they? He had met him before, hadn’t he? This isn’t working, is it? Without auxiliary verbs If the main part of the sentence doesn’t have an auxiliary verb, the question tag uses an appropriate form of ‘do’. I said that, didn’t I? Y...

Gerunds (the -ing form of a verb) and infinitives (to + the base form of a verb) are strange little creatures. They combine the action meaning of the verb with the grammatical function of a noun. They are useful because they allow us to use verbs as subjects and objects. But in the object position, the choice of gerund or infinitive can seem quite arbitrary. Also, because they have so many positions in a sentence, they can be confusing for students to learn. Fear not! There are some sentence patterns that ensure the correct choice of a gerund or an infinitive. GERUNDS 1. AS THE SUBJECT OF A SENTENCE (S = GER) This position commonly calls for a gerund. While an infinitive is also possible, it is very formal and not common. Shopping is my favourite hobby. Working out has really improved my health. 2. FOLLOWING A PREPOSITION (PREP + GER) Here is another common gerund position. This rule applies to all prepositions, including ones that are part of phrasal verbs. She thought about callin...

Gerunds: The Basics Gerunds are words that are formed with verbs but act as nouns. They’re very easy to spot, since every gerund is a verb with ing tacked to its tail. There are no exceptions to this rule. Like all things grammar, gerunds do take a tiny bit of detective work to spot. The problem here is that present participles also end with the letters ing. Besides being able to spot gerunds, you should be able to tell the difference between a gerund and a present participle. Let’s go back to the definition of a gerund for a moment. Remember that gerunds are words that are formed with verbs but act as nouns. Present participles do not act as nouns. Instead, they act as modifiers or complete progressive verbs. To find gerunds in sentences, just look for a verb + ing that is used as a noun. It’s that simple. Examples of Gerunds As you read these examples of gerunds, notice the verbs they contain, and notice that every single one of them ends in ing. By the end of this quick lesson, y...

Sentence Patterns There are four basic patterns that are used when putting together a sentence: Subject + Verb (S + V) Subject + Verb + Direct Object (S + V + DO) Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object (S + V + IO + DO) Subject + Verb + Subject Complement (S + V + SC) A subject is usually a noun or a pronoun, but it may also be a gerund, an infinitive, a clause, or a phrase. The verbs in these patterns are action verbs or linking verbs. It's important to consider that subjects or verbs are sometimes compound. That means there is more than one word serving as a subject or a verb in a sentence or question. S + V They live in Memphis. subject: they verb: live  S + V + DO My brother bought a house. subject: brother verb: bought direct object: house  S + V + IO + DO She gave her friend some advice. subject: she verb: gave direct object: advice indirect object: friend  S + V + SC The shoes are black. subject: shoes verb: are subject...

Active Voice and Passive Voice Verbs are either active or passive in voice. In the active voice, the subject and verb relationship is straightforward: the subject is a do-er. In the passive voice, the subject of the sentence is not a do-er. It is shown with by + do-er or is not shown in the sentence. Passive voice is used when the action is the focus, not the subject. It is not important (or not known) who does the action. The window is broken. (It is not known who broke the window, or it is not important to know who broke the window.) The class has been canceled. (The focus is on the class being canceled. It is not important to know who canceled it.) The passive voice is often used. (The focus is on the passive voice. It is not important to explain who the writer is.) Passive voice should be avoided when you want more clarity in writing. However, in some cases, you need to use passive voice to stress the action, not the actor. Also, passive voice can be considered more polite, as it...